Acute kidney injury in premature newborns (literature review)

• Olga S. Derevyagina
• Marina V. Narogan
• Natalia A. Pekareva

AbstractThe problem of acute kidney injury (AKI) in newborns remains relevant, despite the development of modern technologies and the introduction of new methods of treatment. In most cases, AKI in newborns develops because of septic processes, severe hypoxic damage or exposure to drugs with a potentially nephrotoxic effect. Premature infants are more susceptible to AKI than other infants, because of reduced number of nephrons due to incomplete nephrogenesis. This literature review discusses the incidence, etiology, and pathogenesis of AKI in premature infants of different gestational age, risk factors for AKI in premature infants, diagnostic methods for AKI, and principles of nursing children with AKI.

Keywords:newborn, premature newborn, very low birth weight, extremely low birth weight, acute kidney injury, creatinine

References

1. Andrusev A.M., Kamyshov E.S., Zakharovа E.V. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline. 2012. (in Russian)

2. Acute Kidney Injury in Newborn Babies. Draft Clinical Guidelines. URL: http://www.raspm.ru/files/opp.pdf (date of access January 25, 2021) (in Russian)

3. Charlton J.R., Boohaker L., Askenazi D., Brophy P.D., D’Angio C., Fuloria M., et al. Incidence and risk factors of early onset neonatal AKI. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019; 14: 184-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03670318

4. Jetton J.G., Boohaker L.J., Sethi S.K., Wazir S., Rohatgi S., So-ranno D.E., et al. Incidence and outcomes of neonatal acute kidney injury (AWAKEN): a multicentre, multinational, observational cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2017; 1: 184-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30069-X

5. Daminova M.A., Safina A.I., Satrutdinov M.A., Khamzina G.A. Mor-phofunctional features urinary tract in children born premature and underweight. Vestnik sovremennoy klinicheskoy meditsiny [Bulletin of Contemporary Clinical Medicine]. 2013; 6 (2): 79-86. (in Russian)

6. Rhone E.T., Carmody J.B., Swanson J.R., Charlton J.R. Nephrotoxic medication exposure in very low birth weight infants. J Matern Neonatal Med. 2014; 27: 1485-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2013.860522

7. Nada A., Bonachea E.M., Askenazi D.J. Acute kidney injury in the fetus and neonate. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017; 22: 90-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2016.12.001

8. Carmody J.B., Swanson J.R., Rhone E.T., Charlton J.R. Recognition and reporting of AKI in very low birth weight infants. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014; 9: 2036-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.05190514

9. Medani S.A., Kheir A.E.M., Mohamed M.B. Acute kidney injury in asphyxiated neonates admitted to a tertiary neonatal unit in Sudan. Sudan J Paediatr. 2014; 14: 29-34.

10. Morgan C.J., Zappitelli M., Robertson C.M.T., Alton G.Y., Sauve R.S., Joffe A.R., et al. Risk factors for and outcomes of acute kidney injury in neonates undergoing complex cardiac surgery. J Pediatr. 2013; 162: 120-7.e1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/jjpeds.2012.06.054

11. Alabbas A., Campbell A., Skippen P., Human D., Matsell D., Mammen C. Epidemiology of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury in neonates: a retrospective study. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013; 28: 1127-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-013-2454-3

12. Mazaheri M., Rambod M. Risk factors analysis for acute kidney injury in the newborn infants, predictive strategies. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2019; 13: 310-5.

13. Charlton J.R., Boohaker L., Askenazi D., Brophy P.D., Fuloria M., Gien J., et al. Late onset neonatal acute kidney injury: results from the AWAKEN Study. Pediatr Res. 2019; 85: 339-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-018-0255-x

14. Gomella T.L. Neonatology: Management, Procedures, On-Call Problems, Diseases, and Drugs. 8th ed. Medical Publishing Division, 2020: 1441 p.

15. Allegaert K., Simons S., Van Den Anker J. Research on medication use in the neonatal intensive care unit. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2019; 12: 343-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2019.1580569

16. Gorga S.M., Murphy H.J., Selewski D.T. An update on neonatal and pediatric acute kidney injury. Curr Pediatr Rep. 2018; 6: 278-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40124-018-0184-5

17. Salerno S.N., Liao Y., Jackson W., Greenberg R.G., McKinzie C.J., McCallister A., et al. Association between nephrotoxic drug combinations and acute kidney injury in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Pediatr. 2021; 228: 213-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/jjpeds.2020.08.035

18. Safina A.I., Daminova M.A. Acute renal failure in the newborn. Prakticheskaya meditsina [Practical Medicine]. 2011; 5 (53): 43-50. DOI: https://doi.org/616.61-008.64-053.31 (in Russian)

19. Akcan-Arikan A., Zappitelli M., Loftis L.L., Washburn K.K., Jefferson L.S., Goldstein S.L. Modified RIFLE criteria in critically ill children with acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2007; 71: 1028-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002231

20. Pandey V., Kumar D., Vijayaraghavan P, Chaturvedi T., Raina R. Non-dialytic management of acute kidney injury in newborns. J Renal Inj Prev. 2017; 6: 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15171/jrip.2017.01

21. Stojanovic V., Barisic N., Radovanovic T., Bjelica M., Milanovic B., Doronjski A. Acute kidney injury in premature newborns - definition, etiology, and outcome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017; 32: 1963-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-017-3690-8

22. Bateman D.A., Thomas W., Parravicini E., Polesana E., Locatelli C., Lorenz J.M. Serum creatinine concentration in very-low-birth-weight infants from birth to 34-36 wk postmenstrual age. Pediatr Res. 2015; 77: 696702. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2015.25

23. Vieux R., Hascoet J.M., Merdariu D., Fresson J., Guillemin F. Glomerular filtration rate reference values in very preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2010; 125 (5): e1186-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-1426

24. Askenazi D.J., Griffin R., McGwin G., Carlo W., Ambalavanan N. Acute kidney injury is independently associated with mortality in very low birthweight infants: a matched case-control analysis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009; 24: 991-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-009-1133-x.

25. Riccabona M. Renal failure in neonates, infants, and children: the role of ultrasound. Ultrasound Clin. 2006; 1: 457-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cult.2006.05.004

26. Chugunova O.L., Panova L.D. Risk factors and diagnosis of diseases of the urinary system in newborns. Rossiyskiy vestnik perinatologii i pediatrii [Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics]. 2010; 55 (1): 12-20. (in Russian)

27. Le J., Bradley J.S. Optimizing antibiotic drug therapy in pediatrics: current state and future needs. J Clin Pharmacol. 2018; 58: S108-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1128

28. Raina A., Pandita A., Harish R., Yachha M., Jamwal A. Treating perinatal asphyxia with theophylline at birth helps to reduce the severity of renal dysfunction in term neonates. Acta Paediatr. 2016; 105: 448-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.13469

29. Carmody J.B., Harer M.W., Denotti A.R., Swanson J.R., Charlton J.R. Caffeine exposure and risk of acute kidney injury in a retrospective cohort of very low birth weight neonates. J Pediatr. 2016; 172: 63-8.e1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/jjpeds.2016.01.051

30. Axelrod D.M.,AnglemyerA.T.,Sherman-Levine S.F., ZhuA.,Grimm PC., Roth S.J., et al. Initial experience using aminophylline to improve renal dysfunction in the pediatric cardiovascular ICU. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2014; 15: 21-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pcc.0000436473.12082.2f

31. Romagnoli S., Ricci Z., Ronco C. CRRT for sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2018; 24: 483-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0000000000000544

32. Sanderson K.R., Harshman L.A. Renal replacement therapies for infants and children in the ICU. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2020; 32: 360-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000894

33. Grammatikopoulos T., Greenough A., Pallidis C., Davenport M. Benefits and risks of calcium resonium therapy in hyperkalaemic preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 2003; 92 (1): 118-20.

34. Harer M.W., Pope C.F., Conaway M.R., Charlton J.R. Follow-up of Acute kidney injury in Neonates during Childhood Years (FANCY): a prospective cohort study. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017; 32 (6): 1067-76.

All articles in our journal are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0 license)