Alterations in intestinal microbiota composition in cesarean section-born children and possibility of its correction
AbstractThe article provides an overview of the scientific literature devoted to the study of the short and longterm consequences of the cesarean section for the health of the child. Disorders of the formation of intestinal microbiota in children born by cesarean section and their possible relationship with the risk of developing various diseases in children and adults are analyzed. The review discusses possible strategies aimed at minimizing the adverse effects of cesarean section, including special attention to breastfeeding and the use of synbiotics in the nutrition of infants in the first year of life.
Keywords:newborn, infant, cesarean section, intestinal microbiota, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, oligosaccharides, Lactobacillus fermentum
Funding. The review was carried out with financial support from the HIPP company.
Conflict of interest. The author declare no conflict of interest.
For citation: Narogan M.V. Alterations in intestinal microbiota composition in cesarean section-born children and possibility of its correction. Neonatologiya: novosti, mneniya, obuchenie [Neonatology: News, Opinions, Training]. 2021; 9 (2): 24-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33029/2308-2402-2021-9-2-24-32 (in Russian)
REFERENCES
1. Zharkin N.A., Logutova L.S2, Semikhova T.G. Cesarean section: medical, social and moral-ethical problems. Rossiyskiy vestnik akusheraginecologa [Russian Bulletin of Obstetrician-Gynecologist]. 2019; 19 (4): 5–10. (in Russian)
2. Miseljic N., Basic E., Miseljic S. Causes of an increased rate of caesarean section. Mater Sociomed. 2018; 30 (4): 287–9.
3. Slepykh A.S. Abdominal delivery. Leningrad: Meditsina, 1986: 190 p. (in Russian)
4. Healthcare in Russia 2019: statistical compilation. Moscow: Rosstat, 2019: 170 p. (in Russian)
5. WHO Statement on Caesarean Section Rates. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015 (WHO/RHR/15.02). URL: https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/cs-statement/en/
6. Lebedenko E.Yu., Mikhel’son A.F., Bespalaya A.V., Sablina N.V., et al. Caesarean section - global trends (literature review). Arkhiv akusher-stva i ginekologii imeni V.F. Snegireva [Archive of Obstetrics and Gynecology named after V.F. Snegirev]. 2021; 8 (1): 20-5. (in Russian)
7. Macfarlane A., Blondel B., Mohangoo A., Cuttini M., Nijhuis J., Novak Z., et al. Wide differences in mode of delivery within Europe: risk-stratified analyses of aggregated routine data from the Euro-Peristat study. BJOG. 2016; 123 (4): 559-68.
8. Boyle A., Reddy U.M., Landy H.J., Huang C.-C., Driggers R.W., Laughon K.S. Primary cesarean delivery in the United States. Obstet Gynecol. 2013; 122 (1): 33-40.
9. Sandall J., Tribe R.M., Avery L., et al. Short-term and long-term effects of caesarean section on the health of women and children. Lancet. 2018; 392 (10 155): 1349-57.
10. Ippolitova L.I. Features of hormonal adaptation of newborns extracted by caesarean section. Pediatriya. Zhurnal imeni G.N. Speranskogo [Pediatrics Journal named after G.N. Speransky]. 2010; (1): 31-6. (in Russian)
11. Keag O.E., Norman J.E., Stock S.J. Long-term risks and benefits associated with cesarean delivery for mother, baby, and subsequent pregnancies: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2018; 15: e1002494.
12. Stabuszewska-Jozwiak A., Szymanski J.K. , Ciebiera M., Sarecka-Hujar B., Jakiel G. Pediatrics consequences of caesarean section — a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17: 8031.
13. Butel M.-J., Waligora-Dupriet A.-J., Wydau-Dematteis S. The developing gut microbiota and its consequences for health. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2018; 9 (6): 590-7.
14. Sender R., Fuchs S., Milo R. Are we really vastly outnumbered? Revisiting the ratio of bacterial to host cells in humans. Cell. 2016; 164: 337-40.
15. Akagawa S., Akagawa Y., Yamanouchi S., et al. Development of the gut microbiota and dysbiosis in children. Biosci Microbiota Food Health. 2021; 40 (1): 12-8.
16. Nagpal R., Yamashiro Y Gut microbiota composition in healthy Japanese infants and young adults born by C-section. Ann Nutr Metab. 2018; 73 (suppl 3): 4-11.
17. Garcia M.C.S., Yee A.L., Gilbert J.A., Dsouza M. Dysbiosis in children born by caesarean section. Ann Nutr Metab. 2018; 73 (suppl 3): 24-32.
18. Rieder R., Wisniewski P.J., Alderman B.L., Campbell S.C. Microbes and mental health: a review. Brain Behav Immun. 2017; 66: 9-17.
19. Rackaityte E., Halkias J., Fukui E.M., Mendoza V.F., Hayzelden C., Crawford E.D., et al. Viable bacterial colonization is highly limited in the human intestine in utero. Nat Med. 2020; 26: 599-607.
20. Puccio G., Alliet P., Cajozzo C., et al. Effects of infant dormula with human milk oligosaccharides on growth and morbidity: a randomized multicenter trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017; 64: 624-31.
21. Lista G., Meneghin F., Bresesti I., Castoldi F. Functional nutrients in infants born by vaginal delivery or Cesarean section. Pediatr Med Chir (Medical and Surgical Pediatrics). 2017; 39: 184.
22. Shao Y., Forster S.C., Tsaliki E., Vervier K., Strang A., Simpson N., et al. Stunted microbiota and opportunistic pathogen colonization in caesarean-section birth. Nature. 2019; 574: 117 -21.
23. Francavilla R., Cristofori F., Tripaldi M.E., Indrio F. Intervention for dysbiosis in children born by C-section. Ann Nutr Metab. 2018; 73 (suppl 3): 33-9.
24. Yang B., Chen Y., Stanton C., et al. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus composition at species level and gut microbiota diversity in infants before 6 weeks. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20: 3306.
25. Madan J.C., Hoen A.G., Lundgrenc S.N., et al. Effects of Cesarean delivery and formula supplementation on the intestinal microbiome of six-week old infants. JAMA Pediatr. 2016; 170 (3): 212-9.
26. Azad M.B., Konya T., Maughan H., et al. Gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months. CMAJ. 2013; 185: 385-94.
27. Rutayisire E., Huang K., Liu Y., Tao F. The mode of delivery affects the diversity and colonization pattern of the gut microbiota during the first year of infants’ life: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol. 2016; 16: 86.
28. Akagawa S., Tsuji S., Onuma C., et al. Effect of delivery mode and nutrition on gut microbiota in neonates. Ann Nutr Metab. 2019; 74: 132-9.
29. Skorka A., Piescik-Lech M., Kolodziej M., et al. Infant formulae supplemented with prebiotics: are they better than unsupplemented formulae? An updated systematic review. Br J Nutr. 2018; 119: 810-25.
30. La Rosa PS., Warner B.B., Zhou Y., Weinstock G.M., Sodergren E., Hall-Moore C.M., et al. Patterned progression of bacterial populations in the premature infant gut. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014; 111 (34): 12 522-7.
31. Kabeerdoss J., Ferdous S., Balamurugan R., Mechenro J., Vidya R., Santhanam S., et al. Development of the gut microbiota in southern Indian infants from birth to 6 months: a molecular analysis. J Nutr Sci. 2013; 2: e18.
32. Adlerberth I., Strachan D.P., Matricardi P.M., Ahrne S., Orfei L., Aberg N., et al. Gut microbiota and development of atopic eczema in 3 European birth cohorts. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007; 120 (2): 343-50.
33. Pandey P.K., Verma P, Kumar H., Bavdekar A., Patole M.S., Shouche Y.S. Comparative analysis of fecal microflora of healthy full-term Indian infants born with different methods of delivery (vaginal vs cesarean): Acinetobacter sp prevalence in vaginally born infants. J Biosci. 2012; 37 (6): 989-98.
34. Nagpal R., Tsuji H., Takahashi T., Kawashima K., Nagata S., No-moto K., et al. Gut dysbiosis following C-section instigates higher colonisation of toxigenic Clostridium perfringens in infants. Benef Microbes. 2017; 8: 353-65.
35. Jakobsson H.E., Abrahamsson T.R., Jenmalm M.C., et al: Decreased gut microbiota diversity, delayed Bacteroidetes colonisation and reduced Th1 responses in infants delivered by caesarean section. Gut. 2014; 63: 559-66.
36. Azad M.B., Konya T., Maughan H., et al. Gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months. CMAJ. 2013; 185 (5): 385-94. PubMed: 23401405.
37. Alfaleh K., Anabrees J. Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 4: CD005496.
38. Abrahamsson T.R., Jakobsson H.E., Andersson A.F., Bjorksten B., Engstrand L., Jenmalm M.C. Low gut microbiota diversity in early infancy precedes asthma at school age. Clin Exp Allergy. 2014; 44 (6): 842-50.
39. Odamaki T., Kato K., Sugahara H., Hashikura N., Takahashi S., Xiao J.Z., et al. Age-related changes in gut microbiota composition from newborn to centenarian: a cross-sectional study. BMC Microbiol. 2016; 16: 90.
40. Foster J.A., Rinaman L., Cryan J.F. Stress & the gut-brain axis: regulation by the microbiome. Neurobiol Stress. 2017; 7: 124-36.
41. Dominguez-Bello M.G., De Jesus-Laboy K.M., Shen N., Cox L.M., Amir A., Gonzalez A., et al. Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer. Nat Med. 2016; 22: 250-3.
42. Butler É.М., Chiavaroli V., Derraik J.G.B., Grigg C.P., Wilson B.C., Walker N., et al. Maternal bacteria to correct abnormal gut microbiota in babies born by C-section. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020; 99 (30): e21315.
43. Backhed F., Roswall J., Peng Y., et al. Dynamics and stabilization of the human gut microbiome during the first year of life. Cell Host Microbe. 2015; 17 (5): 690-703.
44. Soto A., Martin V., Jimenez E., et al. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria in human breast milk: influence of antibiotherapy and other host and clinical factors. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014; 59: 78-88.
45. Gil-Camposa M., Lopez M.A., Rodriguez-Beniteza M.V., et al. Lactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716 is safe and well tolerated in infants of 1-6 months of age: a randomized controlled trial pharmacological research. Pharmacol Res. 2012; 65: 231-8.
46. Maldonado J., Gil-Campos M., Maldonado-Lobon J.A., et al. Evaluation of the safety, tolerance and efficacy of 1-year consumption of infant formula supplemented with Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 Lc40 or Bifidobacterium breve CECT7263: randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr. 2019; 19: 361.
47. Hill C., Guarner F., Reid G., et al. Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotic sconsensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014; 11: 506-14.
48. Vendt N., Grunberg H., Tuure T., et al. Growth during the first 6 months of life in infants using formula enriched with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: double-blind, randomized trial. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2006; 19: 51-8.
49. Garcia Rodenas C.L., Lepage M., Ngom-Bru C., et al: Effect of formula containing lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 on fecal microbiota of infants born by cesarean-section. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016; 63: 681-7.
50. Naghmouchia K., Belguesmiac Y., Bendalid F., et al. Lactobacillus fermentum: a bacterial species with potential for food preservation and biomedical applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020; 60 (20): 3387-99.