Management of enteral nutrition of premature newborns who have undergone conservative necrotizing enterocolitis as the basis for favorable short and long-term outcomes
AbstractIn the Last decade the search for the optimal enteral strategy for premature newborns who have suffered necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the focus of the conservative care, and the enteral nutrition itself is recognized as a regulated factor. But at present, there are no convincing data and evidence-based recommendations on when and how to resume enteral nutrition after NEC. Given the lack of evidence and consensus among neonatologists and surgeons on the optimal feeding strategy after the diagnosis of NEC to prevent its recurrence, this challenge is one of the priorities and is still unresolved.
Keywords:enteral nutrition, premature newborns, necrotizing enterocolitis
Funding. The study had no sponsor support.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
For citation: Grosheva E.V., Zubkov V.V. Management of enteral nutrition of premature newborns who have undergone conservative necrotizing enterocolitis as the basis for favorable short and long-term outcomes. Neonatologiya: novosti, mneniya, obuchenie [Neonatology: News, Opinions, Training]. 2021; 9 (2): 33-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33029/2308-2402-2021-9-2-33-39 (in Russian)
ЛИТЕРАТУРА/REFERENCES
1. Neu J., Walker W.A. Necrotizing enterocolitis. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364 (3): 255-64.
2. Lim J.C., Golden J.M., Ford H.R. Pathogenesis of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Surg Int. 2015; 31 (6): 509-18.
3. Sharma R., Hudak M.L.A. Clinical perspective of necrotizing enterocolitis: past, present, and future. Clin Perinatol. 2013; 40 (1): 27-51.
4. Coggins S.A., Wynn J.L., Weitkamp J.H. Infectious causes of necrotizing enterocolitis. Clin Perinatol. 2015; 42 (1): 133-54.
5. Meister A.L., Doheny K.K., Travag R.A. Necrotizing enterocolitis: It’s not all in the gut. Exp Biol Med. 2020; 245: 85-95.
6. Guthrie S.O., Gordon P.V., Thomas V., et al. Necrotizing enterocolitis among neonates in the United States. J Perinatol. 2003; 23 (4): 278-85.
7. Hallstrom M., Koivisto A.M., Janas M., et al. Frequency of and risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis in infants born before 33 weeks of gestation. Acta Paediatr. 2003; 92 (1): 111-3.
8. Kosloske A.M. Epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis. Acta Paediatr. 1994; 396: 2-7.
9. Kamitsuka M.D., Horton M.K., Williams M.A. The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis after introducing standardized feeding schedules for infants between 1250 and 2500 grams and less than 35 weeks of gestation. Pediatrics. 2000; 105 (2): 379-84.
10. Lemons J.A., Bauer C.R., Oh W., et al. Very low birth weight outcomes of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, January 1995 through December 1996. NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Pediatrics. 2001; 107 (1): E1.
11. Kosloske A.M. Surgery of necrotizing enterocolitis. World J Surg. 1985; 9 (2): 277-84.
12. Lin P.W., Stoll B.J. Necrotising enterocolitis. Lancet. 2006; 368 (9543): 1271-83.
13. Bisquera J.A., Cooper T.R., Berseth C.L. Impact of necrotizing enterocolitis on length of stay and hospital charges in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2002; 109: 423-8.
14. Brotschi B., Baenziger O., Frey B., Bucher H.U., Ersch J. Early enteral feeding in conservatively managed stage II necrotizing enterocolitisis associated with a reduced risk of catheter-related sepsis. J Perinat Med. 2009; 37 (6): 701-5.
15. Hock A.M., Chen Y., Miyake H., Koike Y., Seo S., Pierro A. Initiation of enteral feeding after necrotizing enterocolitis. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2018; 28 (1): 44-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1604436 ISSN 0939-7248.
16. Maheshwari A.C.W. Digestive system disorders. In: R.M.S.B. Kliegman, J.W. St Geme, N.F. Schor (eds). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2016: 867-80.
17. Dominguez K.M.M.R. Necrotizing enterocolitis. In: G.W.M.J. Holcomb, D.J. Ostlie (eds). Ashcraft’s Pediatric Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2014: 454-73.
18. Dimmitt R.A., Moss R.L. Clinical management of necrotizing enterocolitis. Neoreviews. 2001; 2: e110-7.
19. Chen Y., Chang K.T.E., Lian D.W.Q., et al. The role of ischemia in necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg. 2016; 51 (8): 1255-61.
20. Chen Y., Koike Y., Miyake H., et al. Formula feeding and systemic hypoxia synergistically induce intestinal hypoxia in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Surg Int. 2016; 32 (12): 1115-9.
21. Karagianni P., Briana D.D., Mitsiakos G., et al. Early versus delayed minimal enteral feeding and risk for necrotizing enterocolitis in pre-termgrowth-restricted infants with abnormal antenatal Doppler results. Am J Perinatol. 2010; 27 (5): 367-73.
22. Berseth C.L. Neonatal small intestinal motility: motor responses to feeding in term and preterm infants. J Pediatr. 1990; 117 (5): 777-82.
23. Owens L., Burrin D.G., Berseth C.L. Minimal enteral feeding induces maturation of intestinal motor function but not mucosal growth in neonatal dogs. J Nutr. 2002; 132 (9): 2717-22.
24. Morgan J., Bombell S., McGuire W. Early trophic feeding versus enteral fasting for very preterm or very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 3: CD000504.
25. Kliegman R.M., Walker W.A., Yolken R.H. Necrotizing enterocolitis: research agenda for a disease of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. Pediatr Res. 1993; 34 (6): 701-8.
26. Kastenberg Z.J., Sylvester K.G. The surgical management of necrotizing enterocolitis. Clin Perinatol. 2013; 40 (1): 135-48.
27. Stringer M.D., Brereton R.J., Drake D.P., Kiely E.M., Capps S.N.J., Spitz L. Recurrent necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg. 1993; 28 (8): 979-81.
28. Bohnhorst B., Mdller S., Dordelmann M., Peter C.S., Petersen C., Poets C.F. Early feeding after necrotizing enterocolitis in preterminfants. J Pediatr. 2003; 143 (4): 484-7.
29. Thyoka M., Eaton S., Hall N.J., et al. Advanced necrotizing enterocolitis part 2: recurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2012; 22 (1): 13-6.
30. Stringer M.D., Brereton R.J., Drake D.P., et al. Recurrent necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg. 1993; 28 (8): 979-81.
31. Neu J. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: an update. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2005; 94 (449): 100-5.
32. Arbra C.A., Oprisan A., Wilson D.A., Ryan R.M., Lesher A.P. Time to reintroduction of feeding in infants with nonsurgical necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg. 2018; 53: 1187-91.
33. Schwartz M.Z., Hayden C.K., Richardson C.J., et al. A prospective evaluation of intestinal stenosis following necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg. 1982; 17 (6): 764-70.
34. Hanson L., Silfverdal S.A., Stromback L., et al. The immunological role of breast feeding. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2001; 12 (suppl 14): 15-9.
35. Sullivan S., Schanler R.J., Kim J.H., et al. An exclusively human milkbased diet is associated with a lower rate of necrotizing enterocolitis than a diet of human milk and bovine milk-based products. J Pediatr. 2010; 156 (4): 562-67.
36. Lucas A., Cole T.J. Breast milk and neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. Lancet. 1990; 336 (8730): 1519-23.
37. Chowning R., Radmacher P., Lewis S., et al. Retrospective analysis of the effect of human milk on prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis and postnatal growth. J Perinatol. 2015; 36 (3): 221-4.
38. Boyd C.A., Quigley M.A., Brocklehurst P. Donor breast milk versus infant formula for preterm infants: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2007; 92 (3): F169-75.
39. Meinzen-Derr J., Poindexter B., Wrage L., Morrow A.L., Stoll B., Donovan E.F. Role of human milk in extremely low birth weight infants’ risk of necrotizing enterocolitis or death. J Perinatol. 2009; 29 (1): 57-62.
40. Sisk P.M., Lovelady C.A., Dillard R.G., Gruber K.J., O’Shea T.M. Early human milk feeding is associated with a lower risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. J Perinatol. 2007; 27: 428-33.
41. Corpeleijn W.E., Kouwenhoven S.M., Paap M.C., van Vliet I., Scheerder I., Muizer Y., et al. Intake of own mother’s milk during the first days of life is associated with decreased morbidity and mortality in very low birth weight infants during the first 60 days of life. Neonatology. 2012; 102 (4): 276-81.
42. Johnson T.J., Patel A.L., Bigger H.R., Engstrom J.L., Meier P.P. Cost savings of human milk as a strategy to reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Neonatology. 2015; 107 (4): 271-6.
43. Quigley M., McGuire W. Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 4: CD002971.
44. Schanler R.J., Lau C., Hurst N.M., Smith E.O. Randomized trial of donor human milk versus preterm formula as substitutes for mothers’ own milk in the feeding of extremely premature infants. Pediatrics. 2005; 116 (2): 400-6.
45. McGuire W., Anthony M.Y. Donor humanmilk versus formula for preventing necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants: systematic review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003; 88 (1): F11-4.
46. Miller J., Tonkin E., Damarell R.A., et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of human milk feeding and morbidity in very low birth weight infants. Nutrients. 2018; 10: 707.
47. Kantorowska A., Wei J.C., Cohen R.S., Lawrence R.A., Gould J.B., Lee H.C. Impact of donor milk availability on breast milk use and necrotizing enterocolitis rates. Pediatrics. 2016; 137 (3): e20153123.
48. Dupont C., Soulaines P., Lapillonne A., et al. Atopy patch test for early diagnosis of cow’s milk allergy in preterm infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010; 50: 463-4.
49. Coviello C., Rodriquez D.C., Cecchi S., et al. Different clinical manifestation of cow’s milk allergy in two preterm twins newborns. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012; 25 (suppl 1): 132-3.
50. Faber M.R., Rieu P., Semmekrot B.A., Van Krieken J.H., Tolboom J.J., Draaisma J.M. Allergic colitis presenting within the first hours of premature life. Acta Paediatr. 2005; 94: 1514-5.
51. Greer F.R., Sicherer S.H., Burks A.W.; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition; American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Allergy and Immunology. Effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children: the role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, timing of introduction of complementary foods, and hydrolyzed formulas. Pediatrics. 2008; 121: 183-91.
52. Afzal B., Elberson V., McLaughlin C., Kumar V.H.S. Early onset necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in premature twins. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2017: 10: 109-12.
53. Abdelhamid A.E., Chuang S.L., Hayes P, et al. Evolution of in vitro cow’s milk proteinspecific inflammatory and regulatory cytokine responses in preterm infants with necrotising enterocolitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013; 56: 5-11.
54. Srinivasan P, Brandler M., D’Souza A., Millman P, Moreau H. Allergic enterocolitis presenting as recurrent necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates. J Perinatol. 2010; 30: 431-3.
55. Christian V.J., Polzin E., Welak S. Nutrition management of necrotizing enterocolitis nutrition in clinical practice. J Nutr Clin Pract. 2018; 33 (4): 476-82.
56. Embleton N.D., Zalewski S.P. How to feed a baby recovering from necrotizing enterocolitis when maternal milk is not available. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2017; 102 (6): F543-6.
57. Ou J., Courtney C.M., Steinberger A.E., Tecos M.E., Warner B.W. Nutrition in necrotizing enterocolitis and following intestinal resection. Nutrients. 2020; 12: 520.