Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common complication of extreme prematurity, which has increased over the last 20 years. BPD is associated with increased morbidities and mortality. It has been increasingly recognized that BPD affects overall lung development including the pulmonary vasculature. More recent studies have demonstrated an increased awareness of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PH) in BPD patients and recent international guidelines have advocated for better screening. This review will describe the current understanding of the pathophysiology of PH in infants with BPD, the in-depth assessment of the available literature linking PH and BPD, and propose an approach of screening and diagnosis of PH in infants with BPD.

The features of the provision of sanitary-aviation emergency medical care for children in the neonatal period in the territory of the Russian Federation. The conditions for evaluating newborns transportability of existing to date scale. It described the difficulties that can face the doctor carrying out sanitary and aviation transportation. The prospects of further improvement and development of neonatal transport team.

Perinatal brain injury is one of the most urgent problems of neonatology. One of the most promising tools for the detection of the central nervous system (CNS) lesions is biomarkers of brain injury. Despite the large number of studies on biomarkers in newborns, this diagnostic tool is not entered in clinical practice. This article summarizes the literature on the nature of biomarkers, measuring their levels in biological fluids in infants with intact and damaged CNS, as well as reviewed the data on the predictive value of biomarkers. For the introduction biomarkers into clinical practice, first of all, we must address their clinical positioning, define reference values, interpreting their standard deviations.

Since the introduction of technology in medicine, Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) largely been used to assess brain oxygen status during cardiac and neurosurgery. However, today NIRS is a clinical monitoring tool with extensive use in many fields of medicine, including neonatology.

In our investigation we assess the feasibility of USD in determining ETT position and compare its results with the current gold standard - chest radiography. It was a prospective, single-centre, observational study conducted at the Morozovskaya Children Hospital (Moscow, Russia). 42 intubated neonates who underwent upper airway USD and chest X-ray were observed. Correlation between the distance from ETT tip to carina on chest X-ray and ETT-tip to aortic arch on US was strong - 0.8 (p<0.05). Bedside ultrasound is a feasible imaging modality to visualize the position of the endotracheal tube which has a very good correlation with gold standard - chest X-ray and high sensitivity to determine deeply positioned ETT. The major limitation of our trail is that a single highly qualified specialist performed all US imaging. Randomized controlled trials involving nonqualified operators (neonatologists) are required to implement this technique into routine clinical practice.

The aim - of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 0.05% aqueous chlorhexidine bigluconate and 70% ethyl alcohol as antiseptic used for the treatment of the skin with сentral venous catheterization, in newborns undergoing treatment in the intensive care unit (NICU).

Material and methods during the prospective study examined 103 sample crops from the skin in 74 newborns were treated in NICU from January 2015 to June 2016 and required in the treatment of central venous catheterization.

The results of the 103 studied microbiological crops from the surface of the skin 74 of newborn children prior to catheterization of the central vein in 36 (35.0%) cases was obtained growth of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. In 32 cases out of 36 antiseptic treatment of the skin prior to central venous catheterization was carried out with an aqueous solution chlorexidine bigluconate 0.05% in the remaining 4 cases - solution of ethyl alcohol 70%. It is established that 0.05% aqueous solution of chlorhexidine bigluconate is less effective antiseptic compared with the 70% solution of ethyl alcohol. The use of 0.05% aqueous solution of chlorhexidine bigluconate in the process of central venous catheterization may be one of the possible reasons for the development of CLABSI in children-patients of NICU.

Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) naturally considered severe complication of pregnancy and childbirth.

Objective. To analysis of the frequency of premature rupture of membranes with stillbirth and early neonatal death in the Russian Federation in 2015.

Materials. The study is based on analysis of statistical forms A-05 of Rosstat for 2015, which relate to stillbirth and early neonatal mortality.

Results. In the Russian Federation as a whole, the development of PROM in 141 (1.2%) observation contributed to the stillbirth and in 165 (3.5%) cases - early neonatal death, according to Rosstat at 2015. Most of the records of the PROM was at respiratory disorders (92.9% with stillbirth and 46.1% with early neonatal death). The frequency of PROM as a condition contributing to the death of the newborn was significantly higher among women from rural compared to urban, and varied in different federal districts of the Russian Federation. To determine the precise links of tanatogenesis is necessary to conduct a clinical and postmortem comparisons of autopsy material.

Initiation of lactation in nulliparous women in modern pediatrics is almost never used as a rule out of ignorance of doctors about this unique opportunity. The article presents a clinical observation of the initiation of lactation in nulliparous biological mother, use the surrogate motherhood. Despite the fact that the duration of initiated breastfeeding was about 3 months and the volume of single feeding of breast milk was reached not more than 5-10% of the norm, her mother noted the high importance of this experience for the imprinting. Principles of stimulation of lactation, used for induction of lactation may be useful for mothers of extremely premature infants and all women who have problems with lactation.

The problem of nursing and feeding children with intrauterine growth retardation is an current problem of pediatrics in connection with high risks of intolerance to enteral feeding, metabolic disorders, a flat weight scale and postnatal hypotrophy. This group of children is characterized by high requirements for plastic material and revisions of concepts of enteral and parenteral feeding.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the dynamics of mass and body length in premature infants with a delay in intrauterine development during a stay in the neonatal hospital with the calculation of nutrition for the actual body weight.

Material and methods. The study included 227 premature newborns born in V.I. Kulakov Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Research Center of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation in the period from December 2013 to June 2015. All children were daily monitored daily allowance for the volume of liquid, proteins, fats, carbohydrates and energy. Weekly anthropometric indicators and their correspondence to post-conceptual age on percentile scales were estimated.

Results and discussion. Children with a delay in intrauterine development require a longer period of parenteral nutrition and a more gentle method of increasing the volume of enteral feeding. When analyzing the frequency of postnatal hypotrophy in a group of premature newborns born at 32 and less than a week of gestation, it was revealed that at the time of discharge from the hospital, 100% of children with intrauterine growth retardation and 25.3% of children corresponding to the gestation period had a body weight deficit at the time of discharge. In newborns with HB of 33-36 weeks, the incidence of postnatal hypotrophy was 90% in children with ESRD and 26.7% in children with the same duration of gestation.

Conclusions. Feeding of premature infants with intrauterine growth retardation should be different from feeding preterm infants who are of gestational age, taking into account the complications inherent in these children, in particular, the high incidence of violations of carbohydrate metabolism and dysfunctions of the gastrointestinal tract. These children need the highest possible allowable doses of protein and energy, calculated on the actual body weight. The urgent problem of premature newborns with intrauterine growth retardation is postnatal hypotrophy, which persists at the time of discharge from the hospital.

Background. European roundtable meeting recommendations on bathing and cleansing of infants were published in 2009; a second meeting was held to update and expand these recommendations in light of new evidence and the continued need to address uncertainty surrounding this aspect of routine care.

Methods. The previous roundtable recommendations concerning infant cleansing, bathing, and use of liquid cleansers were critically reviewed and updated and the quality of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. New recommendations were developed to provide guidance on diaper care and the use of emollients. A series of recommendations was formulated to characterize the attributes of ideal liquid cleansers, wipes, and emollients.

Results. Newborn bathing can be performed without harming the infant, provided basic safety procedures are followed. Water alone or appropriately designed liquid cleansers can be used during bathing without impairing the skin maturation process. The diaper area should be kept clean and dry; from birth, the diaper area may be gently cleansed with cotton balls/squares and water or by using appropriately designed wipes. Appropriately formulated emollients can be used to maintain and enhance skin barrier function. Appropriately formulated baby oils can be applied for physiologic (transitory) skin dryness and in small quantities to the bath. Baby products that are left on should be formulated to buffer and maintain babies' skin surface at approximately pH 5.5, and the formulations and their constituent ingredients should have undergone an extensive program of safety testing. Formulations should be effectively preserved; products containing harsh surfactants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, should be avoided.

Conclusion. Health care professionals can use these recommendations as the basis of their advice to parents.